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The Participants There we are — they have all introduced themselves. We now know the trainer–mule pairs… and this year, once again, it is particularly interesting. We have a wide range of profiles, quite representative of the situations you might encounter yourself. - The not-yet-socialized mule colt, with Olivier and OM Ganesha . - The “failures”, with Audrey and Moneco . - The complicated ones, with Camille and Filou , and Benedetta and Tia . - And finally, the easygoing ones — apart from their hybrid nature — with Mulan and Jade , and Audrey and Noisette . The Program This year, we have simplified the program even further: the trainers will publish posts only every two weeks, as they did last year. But… During the first three months — apart from the introductions — the posts will be more irregular. Why? Because these first months are not necessarily the most spectacular to watch. They are often the most interesting to experience… but not always the easiest to share. During the final four months, however, we will move fully into the work and the technical aspects. Videos will then be published regularly, every two weeks. The little extra this year? Alice de Boyer , a university-trained ethologist and passionate mule enthusiast, will contribute her knowledge in the service of the mules. Start: 01/02/2026 Final: Saturday 29/08/2026 at La Maison du Mulet Start: 01/02/2026 Final: Saturday 29/08/2026 at La Maison du Mulet Who Are They?  Audrey Dulondel (alias Sabbah Dudulette) Audrey Dulondel (alias Sabbah Dudulette) Well known under the nickname Sabbah Dudulette , Audrey is a familiar figure in the mule world. She is the only participant who is not a professional, but she already has solid experience with animals in general. A breeder of sheep and especially Criollo horses, she has developed strong practical skills in the field. Audrey has already worked with several mules. Her very first one was Sabbah , with whom she took part in the Centaure 2023 event. You can find her breeding farm on Facebook: Elevage El Sueno . This year she will present work with two mules: - Noisette , a small 3-year-old mule who has grown up alongside her. The only difficulty Audrey might face? Noisette is… a mule 😉 - Moneco , a mule purchased from the mule trader Mickaël Rtr . A Spanish mule with a mysterious past and still largely unknown. This mule will be for sale after the ChaLenge. Jade Odoul Jade presents a particularly interesting profile because of her research-oriented approach. She follows and is strongly committed to the Blondeau approach — Nicolas Blondeau passed away in January 2026, and we pay tribute to him as a great horseman. A professional in the horse world, Jade holds: - a BPJEPS diploma - a diploma from the Blondeau school - a University Diploma in Ethology from the University of Rennes Her journey with Mulan began three years ago, when Mulan was still a baby. Now it is time for her “schooling” — back to class! Jade is a horse professional but a novice with mules . The question will therefore be one of both technical skill and attitude . You can find her on Facebook::  Centre d'éducation équin & animal   Olivier Augier This year, Olivier will take part in the ChaLenge Muletier with the young OM Ganesha , a 2-year-old mule. A farmer and horse-tourism guide, he grew up surrounded by horses and has never left the equine world. Through his travels among horse cultures, he has developed a training approach based on communication and respect for the animal . OM Ganesha will represent the mule colts. How do we approach them — especially when Ganesha has lived in the wild since birth at her breeder Chev'Ane Cornac and has never been handled before? Olivier already has experience with mules. Her education will consist mainly of transmitting the basic codes . That works well, since Olivier is extremely busy with his many activities and will begin the work a bit later, around March–April . Their website: Provence Equiservices et hipposervices   Camille Navillod This year Camille returns with the big Filou — and you will quickly understand why! First, to finish their story: last year, a fracture of two ribs one week before the final abruptly stopped their momentum. Then this autumn, Filou also caused a few complications. But this pair is extremely promising. Camille is always searching and reflecting, both on herself and on mule education. Her practice is nourished by a real level of rigor and great subtlety. Although discreet online, she is nonetheless a remarkable professional, holding: - a BPJEPS TE - and having completed the BFEEE2 training with Andy Booth We are sincerely happy to see them commit once again to the adventure. You can find her on Facebook: Camille Navillod Benedetta Mattiauda This year Benedetta carries the heavy responsibility of representing Italy — respect! At her side is Tia , a 12-year-old mule who was initially difficult to approach. Suspicious and sensitive in the beginning, she perfectly represents the path made possible by a relationship built on patience, listening, and a fine understanding of animal behavior . Trained in ethical horsemanship and ethology in Tuscany, and later working as a mountain guide with pack animals within La Terra dei Muli , Benedetta now works in the mountains: multi-day treks, supplying high-altitude refuges, and educational activities. With Tia, she will defend a vision of the mule based on respect, trust, and cooperation . We warmly thank her for her participation. You can find her on Facebook: Benedetta Mattiauda Alice de Boyer She holds a PhD in behavioral biology (Bac +8) , an HDR , and is a member of the Animal Welfare Chair at VetAgro Sup . She is a university professor and researcher in zootechnics, ethology, and animal welfare at VetAgro Sup and a member of the UMR Herbivores (INRAE–VetAgro Sup) . Learn more A passionate mule enthusiast, Alice is beginning scientific work on mule ethology — a field still very little explored in France. Since mules have almost never been the subject of specific studies, everything remains to be built. Thanks to her network and expertise, she will help advance knowledge step by step. Her involvement will begin during the ChaLenge . Her contributions will not be about judging, but about analysis . You can find her on Facebook: Alice de Boyer-Pro A Quick Reminder for Newcomers The ChaLenge Muletier is above all an adventure of transmission, exchange, and passion , designed to keep mule culture alive and evolving. It is not a competition . For adrenaline lovers, there will be a contest on Sunday 30/08 . This year we will also have the pleasure of crossing borders … Benedetta Mattiauda will open the ChaLenge toward Italy and proudly carry the Italian colors. Franco Gianni will come to support her with his workshop, strengthening this beautiful Franco-Italian connection around mule culture .

This summer, during a lively conversation, N’ot Pascal — bubbling with energy and passion — told us about a traditional Catalan festival in Balsareny: the Traginers Festival . Apart from Laurent and Claude, for the rest of us, it was a complete mystery — total confusion??? First of all, what is a traginer ? What is this legendary parade? And where exactly is Catalonia? ^^ Let us explain everything. Where Is Catalonia? Catalonia is an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, officially recognized as a nationality in its Statute of Autonomy. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona. Part of its territory borders France. You see, that’s quite a journey when leaving from Vallois, in Meurthe-et-Moselle… So… What Is a Traginer? The word traginer  is associated with transport — mules, horses, donkeys (we’re not talking about cows or oxen here?). It’s a fairly regional term, though it can be used more broadly. It may not please antispeciesists, but when you need to transport 150 kg of goods — goods upon which the survival of animals or humans depends — it’s still easier with a pack animal than on the back of a woman, child, or man. The Great Epic – Friday It was La Francine, N’ot Pascal’s right hand, who orchestrated everything. La Francine is the jewel of N’ot Pascal — and of Mule Qui Peut: a blend of Swiss Army knife efficiency, intelligence, speed, precision, and finesse. When we say she’s a gem, we mean it. Booking the lodge, planning, organizing carpooling. Departure at 4:30 a.m. from Vallois, in Meurthe-et-Moselle, aboard the minibus: N’ot Pascal, La Francine, Nadja, and Céleste. Stop in Mâcon to pick up Bernard and the President, then toward Loriol, where Pascal and Dominique joined us. We won’t go into the return trip. On site, Rémy, Laurent, and Annabel had already warmed up the lodge and lit the fireplace. née. The Traginers Museum in Igualada – Saturday A museum dedicated to the muleteer’s trade. In addition to showcasing the work of carters, harness-makers, and coopers, the museum houses an exhibition of ploughs and carriages, with a room dedicated to the sculptures of Antoni Rosi. Exceptional pieces, rich with history — the photos speak for themselves. Emotional reactions within the group… Musé des Traginers Thanks to Nadja for this magnificent video. After lunch, back to Balsareny to meet Claude and Redouane — two remarkable characters, regulars at the event. Jacine, president of the Traginers Association of Balsareny, who speaks French, kindly gave us a behind-the-scenes tour of the event: more pack saddles — some massive ones — halters, baskets, crates, milk cans, wine skins… a real Ali Baba’s cave. The Parade – Sunday All hands on deck at 7 a.m.: breakfast with the organizers — a great moment! Pan con tomate , botifarra , chickpeas, and red wine. Around thirty animals, maybe more: mules, horses, donkeys, ponies, patiently waiting to be dressed. The seasoned veterans were calm, while humans bustled around them. With experience and composure, children and teenagers were often at the animals’ heads, stroking them — a gentle pat here, an affectionate tap there. Since 8 a.m., it had been buzzing: discovery after discovery — types of animals, equipment, their use before motorized vehicles existed. Someone had to go to the market, deliver bread, vegetables, fruit, wine; transport fodder, tiles, bricks, flour, newlyweds — and even the deceased. You’ve understood: a leap into the past, when cooperation between animal and human was vital for both. And the craftsmanship of the elders was striking — they made equipment built to last, with an aesthetic sense that could sometimes be flamboyant, but always magnificent. Redouane , magnificent in a military medic costume, with a mule fitted with a cacolet  for transporting the wounded. There were also children dressed as traginers — tiny little ones barely taller than three apples, with or without a donkey, melting your heart — men, women, teenagers sharing memories of the tradition to keep it alive as long as possible. We’ll spare you the restaurant moments — lots of laughter around a table of fifteen, Léon (a Basque muleteer) and his wife having joined us — and the Mule Qui Peut evenings at the lodge by the fireplace, full of hearty laughter and that simple joy of being together. Thank you to Pascal, Claude, and Redouane — without whom we would never have discovered this event — and to Jacine for his warm welcome and for giving us a moment to present Mule Qui Peut. That’s Mulardie. Yes, Rémy once again made himself noticed…

A la Maison du Mulet 04 Seyne les Alpes 4 days in Martinique… which is 6! This year, the adventure is extended with two extra days of hiking. The Parelli Experience - Private Events April 25 & 26: 2-day hike April 27 & 28: 2-day workshop with Franco Giani - Parelli 5-star (private workshop) - Open to the Public April 29: Mule Rider Challenge Final April 30: The Mule Trail - Competition reserved for Mules Muleteers of France and beyond, we're waiting for you! Take advantage of these days to learn, stay informed, and share our common passion. And for those of you who aren't muleteers, come and discover the world of mules in its heartland, at the Maison du Mulet (Mule House)! For any information: muleteer@gmail.com More info and contacts4 days in Martinique… which is 6! This year, the adventure is extended with two extra days of hiking. The Parelli Experience - Private Events April 25 & 26: 2-day hike April 27 & 28: 2-day workshop with Franco Giani - Parelli 5-star (private workshop) - Open to the Public April 29: Mule Rider Challenge Final April 30: The Mule Trail - Competition reserved for Mules Muleteers of France and beyond, we're waiting for you! Take advantage of these days to learn, stay informed, and share our common passion. And for those of you who aren't muleteers, come and discover the world of mules in its heartland, at the Maison du Mulet (Mule House)! For any information: muleteer@gmail.com More info and contacts The rando A mule trek will take place on Tuesday, August 25th and Wednesday, August 26th, just before the workshop. Hautes-Alpes (04) – Seyne-les-Alpes area. Loop trail starting and finishing at the Maison du Mulet (Mule House). Organization: Coralie, who knows the area perfectly. 0662023099 Coordination: Mae, head of the Mule Qui Peut trekking group. 0618718858 Overnight stay in a gîte (former school in the village) or bivouac a 10-minute walk from the gîte. Registration and information on the platform. Helloasso The internship with Franco Giani Franco is an Italian rider, truly passionate about mules. His level of training is exceptional, from his 5-star Parelli diploma to his extensive field experience. It was a real honor for us when he accepted our invitation with such enthusiasm and spontaneity. Registration and information on the platform Helloasso il ChaLenge Muletier We'll have to wait until early February... The Mule Trail - 100% Mule Competition The mule trail competition will be held according to revised and improved rules, specifically designed for the Maison du Mulet (Mule House), respecting both the terrain's unique characteristics and the site's cultural and historical identity. For any questions: 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐞𝐮𝐭@𝐠𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐥.𝐜𝐨𝐦

Maeva and her Hinny Nuckie Hinnies: Debunking Common Myths We hear this rumor far too often: “Mules take the best from both parents, hinnies take the worst.” Hybridization follows no predefined rules.It is far more a matter of chance and genetic lottery. There are difficult, grumpy, even unmanageable mules…and, on the other hand, absolutely delightful hinnies — close to humans and very well balanced. A Quick Reminder About Origins A mule  is born from a mare . She inherits characteristics from both parents, but her social codes and basic behavior  are primarily transmitted by her mare mother . The donkey sire  mainly contributes physical traits  and innate temperament characteristics  (emotional sensitivity, reactivity, vigilance…), but not behavioral education. A hinny , on the other hand, is raised by a jenny (female donkey) .Its first social codes, its relationship to the world and to humans are therefore, initially, those of the donkey. Both mules and hinnies are extremely intelligent animals. The hinny is often perceived as slightly closer to humans, much like donkeys tend to be.This does not mean that a mule cannot be — but the bond is built in a different way. “Hinnies Are Smaller” Often yes… but not always. In France, hinnies are frequently smaller simply because breeding jennies are most often small-sized donkeys .In hybrids, the size of the mother plays a decisive role . When the jenny is large, the hinny is large as well.Size is therefore not a fatality linked to being a hinny, but rather to the mother’s build . Very Concrete Examples Nuckie  (with Maëva) Vanille  (with Muriel Hérion) Nono  (with Charly) All of them stand around 1.50 m at the withers . Conclusion It is not being a hinny that makes an animal small — it is the size of the mother. From left to right: Nuckie, Vanille, and Nono From left to right: Nuckie, Vanille, and Nono “If We See More Mules, There Must Be a Reason” Yes, that’s true… but not the one people usually think. If mules are far more numerous than hinnies, it is not  because they are “better,” nor because hinnies are “failed.”It is first and foremost a matter of biology and reproduction . A mare  tolerates hybrid pregnancy far better than a jenny. Her uterus and cervix, more flexible and receptive, make fertilization, embryo implantation, and gestation much easier. In contrast, in the jenny: fertilization is more delicate, embryonic loss is more frequent, carrying a horse-derived embryo to term is more difficult. The Result Naturally, many more mules are born than hinnies — without this saying anything about the quality, temperament, or abilities of the animal once born. And one final factor: stallions are more demanding in their romantic choices. Physical Characteristics “Hinnies have small ears.” Really? Nikita , our mule mascot who has been animating Maëva’s life for over a year (another Maëva), has very small ears.And since she has official papers, we know for sure: she is a mule. The mule Nikita Mule or Hinny: Not Always Easy to Tell It is most often impossible  to distinguish a mule from a hinny at a glance. Sometimes, yes, it’s obvious…but very often, only the animal’s papers  can confirm whether it is a mule or a hinny. Morphological or behavioral criteria are not always sufficient, as both hybrids can look extremely similar — in appearance as well as in temperament. A Shared Observation Following an informal study carried out during the Mulinades 2024 , enriched by many passionate exchanges between mule and hinny owners, one thing is unanimously agreed upon: Hinnies are fabulous — and their owners are completely in love with them.

Why Franco Giani? For his experience with mules. Franco is a true enthusiast: our first contact was quick, warm, encouraging, and perfectly aligned with our vision. His approach naturally fits with our desire to create a Franco-Italian event, rich in exchange and shared expertise. Who is Franco Giani? Franco Giani is a 5-Star Horsemanship , the highest level in the Parelli system – a method that is worth remembering was partly developed through work with mules. A mature and experienced man, he combines technical expertise with both mule and human pedagogy.His clinics are solidly structured, with nothing left to chance, even to the point of coming with his own translator, in order to guarantee perfect understanding and avoid any translation errors. So… when and where is it? 📅 Thursday 27 and Friday 28 August 2026 📍 At La Maison du Mulet, Seyne-les-Alpes Ask for the program! MULE TRAINING COURSE PROGRAM: Maximum of 10 participants Translation will be provided by Franco’s official translator. Thursday 27 AugustMorning 8:30 am  – Classroom: participant introductions and theory 9:30 am  – In the field: groundwork connection with your mule 10:00 am  – How to ask and motivate your mule to perform exercises 12:00 pm  – Presentation of the saddle, packs, and equipment: helping the mule accept them 1:00 pm  – Lunch Afternoon 3:00 pm  – With saddle or other equipment: getting the mule moving and directing it in different directions, in the presence of obstacles (tubs, platform, tarp, etc.) – working on responses vs. reactions 4:30 pm  – Mounted work: control of reins and feet All day: management and resolution of any issues that may arise 6:30 pm  – Theoretical analysis of the day Friday 28 AugustMorning 8:30 am  – Theory and reflection 9:30 am  – In the field: connection and acceptance of the saddle, work on various ground obstacles 11:00 am  – Mounted work: convincing without forcing, supporting pressure with a suggestion 1:00 pm  – Lunch Afternoon 3:00 pm  – In the field, mules saddled: work on departures and stops Introduction to aids: reins, whip, neck collar (when to remove or add an aid) 7:00 pm  – Reflections on learning outcomes and key takeaways Certificate presentation and course closure I want to take part!!! Mandatory 2-day clinic 🐴 Participation with your own mule Possibility to rent a mule on site Registration and payment Registration and payment details 👉 https:// www.helloasso.com/associations/mule-qui-peut/boutiques/stage-avec-franco-giani-parelli-5-etoiles Or by bank transfer: mulesquipeut@gmail.com This is a unique opportunity

All our best wishes to those who aren't on social media! 2025 was an eventful year for Mule Qui Peut. And, aside from the disappointing Mule Challenge, it was a great year, marked by the visit of Bob Smith – Natural Elements Horsemanship, the wonderful encounter with the small world of Poitou mules, and our first competition. Yes, the weather wasn't on our side… but our spirits were high! This year, 2025, will allow us to mature and grow. 2026 is shaping up to be a fantastic year: a year of Franco-Italian friendship, as the mule farm is located near the Italian border. The trainers for the ChaLenge are here, and we've made contact with Franco Giani, a 5-star Parelli—it's almost like having Parelli himself… but the Italian version, and a mule enthusiast! In fact, when we told him about the project, his response was immediate: "That's great, of course I'm coming!!!" It's heartwarming. Just like with Bob last year, the same enthusiasm, the same energy 🤍 4 days in Monthardie – 2026 Let's clarify things a bit to make your planning easier and allow you to book your vacation time now! Even though the program isn't completely finalized yet—there are always unforeseen circumstances and unexpected events possible in eight months—the essentials are set: we know where we're going and when. Where is it? At La Maison du Mulet in Seyne-les-Alpes What's next? April 27 & 28: Workshop with Franco Giani Horsemanship April 29: Muleteer Challenge Final April 30: Competition, open to all muleteers in France (including Piedmont) More to come soon, including the trek… but you can already save the dates! Franco Giani To find out everything about the internship, go to Helloasso The next step will be in early February with the presentation of the coaches 😊

The President contacted us to inquire about the availability of information on the current number of equine births in France. An Excel file was sent to us in response; it is likely that this file is also available on the data.gouv.fr platform. This file presents the number of equines per region. Equines are divided into three categories: riding horses, draft horses, donkeys, mules, and hinnies. The data covers the period from 2020 to 2024. File limitations and analysis objectives This file does not allow for a detailed analysis specifically of mules, as they are grouped with donkeys and hinnies. However, it does allow us to observe the general trends in the evolution of the French equine population. This dynamic is studied using three types of graphs: a graph representing the distribution of different types of equines in France; a graph showing the evolution of the herd in terms of the number of individuals; a map allowing observation of the geographical distribution of the herd across French territory. 1) Distribution of different types of equines In terms of distribution, we observe a large majority of saddle horses, which represent approximately 80% of the herd. Draft horses account for about 10%, as do donkeys, mules, and hinny. This distribution can be explained by the current predominance of equestrian sports and leisure riding in French society. With regard to mules more specifically, it is necessary to consider a subset of the donkey, mule, and hinny category. Based on the analysis, it can be estimated that in 2024, the number of mules would be approximately 10,800 individuals, representing: about 9% of the donkey, mule, and hinny category; and about 1% of the total French equine population. This estimate remains approximate, however, due to the grouping of categories in the source data. 2) Evolution of the horse population over time At first glance, the French horse population appears relatively stable over the period studied, although a slight decrease is observable over the years. This decline does not appear, at this stage, to be particularly pronounced in absolute terms. However, the analysis of relative trends (base 100 in 2020) reveals contrasting dynamics across categories: a decrease of approximately 20% for draft horses; a decrease of approximately 10% for donkeys, mules, and hinnies; a more limited decrease of approximately 4% for riding horses. Thus, it is the historically most utilitarian categories that have experienced the most significant declines. 3) Geographical Distribution of Livestock at the National Level Spatial analysis reveals a marked geographical division according to equine breed. Saddle horses are particularly concentrated in Normandy, a region historically associated with breeding the Selle Français breed. Donkeys, mules and hinnies are present in a notable concentration in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, which can be explained by the presence of the historical cradle of the Baudet du Poitou. Finally, draft horses appear to be more concentrated in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. This distribution could be linked to the proximity of breeding areas for draft breeds (such as the Comtois) as well as to a still relatively active use of draft horses in certain agricultural or forestry activities, although this hypothesis deserves to be documented. Conclusion In conclusion, this Excel file highlights a slow decline in the French equine population over the period 2020-2024. This decline is not uniform: it affects draft horses, as well as donkeys, mules, and hinnies, more severely, while riding horses are more resilient. The national analysis also reveals a geographical disparity in the distribution of the different types of equines, probably linked to historical, cultural, and territorial factors specific to breeding regions. Regarding mules specifically, the available data remains too aggregated to allow for a detailed analysis: they are lumped into the broader category of donkeys and hinnies, which significantly limits the conclusions that can be drawn. Sources Data French Institute of the Horse and Riding (IFCE) File in .xlsx format transmitted by the IFCE, containing the equine population figures by region and by category (saddle horses, draft horses, donkeys, mules and hinnies), for the period 2020–2024. Data Processing and Visualization Data processing and visualization scripts. Data cleaning, analysis, and graph generation using Python (pandas, plotly). Google Notebook. Colab: https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1JgaNSKGVZIndryltlh1RMma8428bU6kJ#scrollTo=laYm0Sw1zU0L

A Short Christmas Tale in Mulhouse by Dominic Orbette Drawing by Camille Orbette A very strange adventure befell our mule, Chaussette, last night: Chaussette's white markings blended into the snow that blanketed the landscape, softening the colors and shapes, reducing it to a pure, simple version, bringing it back to its essence. The stillness was such that you could hear the snowflakes crunching on the ground. The torn clouds allowed moonbeams to pierce through, casting deep black shadows. The old man was still there, still grumbling, in that clearing lost in the middle of the forest. He had tried everything to catch Chaussette. He had approached very slowly, smiling, talking to her as if she were a simpleton... The young mule had looked at him first with disbelief, then with irritation. She had even let him slip the rope around her neck. Chaussette is usually quite friendly, a gentle mule, but this time, she found the old man very rude! She raised her head and stepped aside, knocking the lout over and sending him tumbling headfirst into the powder! He was crimson, furious, the old man! He threw back the pom-pom of his big hat, shouting insults in an archaic language and spitting out snow! He took a few steps, gesticulating wildly, and collapsed again after tripping over his long coat. What an idea to dress like that in this weather! It's no outfit for walking in the snow! Well, maybe it is, after all... Anger didn't suit the old man any better, and Chaussette ran off, kicking her bottom out at him in defiance. Let him try coming near her! The mule was about to turn back when she heard the rustling of paper... Nothing is more exciting for a mule, they're so curious... and greedy. It's almost irresistible... Casually, she stopped and pretended to rummage through the snow for something to eat. Out of the corner of her eye, she saw the figure approaching, offering her an apple with a smile. A little earlier, Chaussette had already eaten a carrot she'd found stuck in a strange pile of snow... with a hat on it! She'd hesitated for a long time, but finally she'd taken the tuber with the tips of her teeth and run off, giving the snow pile a good kick, which, under the impact, had lost its head... What a strange night! But an apple, why not... The trick was to manage to grab it without getting caught... She let him approach, then she turned around and stuck out the tip of her nose. She was almost there! She could taste the fruit on her tongue... The man then made a swift movement to slip a halter around her nose! Sock nearly got caught, but she managed to escape. This time, it was too much, and she dashed off behind the hill to find her new friends. She had met them a little earlier. There were eight of them. They had all arrived at once, and she had crossed paths with them as she headed towards the forest, searching for the source of a loud noise she had heard earlier. They were rooting through the snow with their long antlers, still bound by the remnants of their harnesses. Sock prided herself on knowing the animals in the area well and often went to see them, but she had never seen such creatures! She led them over the hill to the stream, and it was as she was heading back into the forest that she encountered the rude fellow... She asked her hosts what kind of animals they were: "Reindeer," they replied! "But what are you doing here in this weather?" "Oh, we only work one day a year, and we felt like taking a break..." The old man returned to his sleigh, which was stuck in the branches, slumped down on the seat, and grumbled, "Well, no Santa Claus and no presents this year!" Without meaning to, Sock had hidden Santa's reindeer, and she had almost found a job... Les Globe-Crotters -   Anouk Nathan - Dominic Orbette and Chaussette ! Photo by the Globes-Crotters

Comprehensive overview – Breeding, trade, and relationships with mules in France and around the world Angèle Dequesne lors de sa présentation aux Assises du Mulet le 17/10/2025 1. Study and Observation As a third-year doctoral student in sociology, I am working on the relationships of engagement between breeders and working equines. At the Écuries d’Oz (Erika Pons), I observed the complete reproductive cycle of mules, the care of newborns, and the dynamics of supply and demand. I conducted interviews with breeders and attended festivals and shows to observe mules in demonstrations.The scientific literature on mules is limited, but some key sources exist: historical and ethnological works, specialized journals, theses on animal traction, and non-scientific sources (Mule Briefs, American Mule Museum). 2. Opacity and limitations of the data (SIRE and Stats and Maps) The filters are incomplete and confusing: confusion between mules with and without a book genetic data, lack of precision on age and vital status. Mules are classified with donkeys, which mixes species, use, and type, limiting statistical relevance. Stats and Maps: 53 farms in 2023 (most with fewer than 3 births), fluctuations of -12 to +16 between 2016 and 2023, suggesting that these are mostly the same farms, but not always active each year. Consequence: limited visibility of the numbers, hindering research and decision-making. 3. Birth trends Peak births around 2010 (~500), drop from 2011 (~300), then stabilization below 200. Since 2020, a slight increase in OC mules, linked to the emergence of breeding farms outside traditional breeding areas, particularly those focused on saddle mules. https://www.mulequipeut.com/post/explorations-des-naissances-de-mule-en-france 4. Imports, Exports, and Prices Imports: - According to SIRE: in France, there are 155 mules born between 1992 and 2024 abroad (109 in Spain, 13 in Italy, 11 in Belgium, 7 in Switzerland, 6 in the Netherlands, 3 in Portugal, 2 in Germany, 2 in the USA, 1 in Ireland, 1 in the Czech Republic). Their import dates are unknown. - According to Stats and Maps: only 5 mules are recorded as having been imported between 2023 and 2000 (2021 1, 2020 1, 2019 1, 2015 2), but the countries of import are not specified. Exports: tracked by the TRACES database (data not yet available). Prices: ○ Weaning: €2,500–€4,000 depending on the breed. ○ Broken in: €4,000–€6,000. ○ Working: up to €10,000. ○ Colored mules (OC) are sold at a higher price from weaning onwards, sometimes €8,000 at 6 months. ○ Prices have generally increased over the last 10 years, particularly for leisure and colored mules. 5. Constants and Evolutions in Breeding and Reproduction Hybridization between donkeys and mares has long been a ritualized, sometimes complex, and secret practice. Today, practices are modernized: artificial insemination, mannequins or jennies to stimulate the jack, research on neonatal erythrolysis. The mule remains an economic investment, with growing demand and rising prices. Mules retain their historical qualities: endurance, longevity, strength, intelligence, and humor. New uses: hiking, mountain trail running, groundwork, pack work, and pulling with modernized equipment, adapted to neo-rural life and leisure activities. 6. Human-Mule Relationship Constants: the mule foal is trained by the mare, the human, and experienced animals, based on the principle that "the mule teaches the master." Developments: gentler, more ethological relationships, highlighting the sensitivity and intelligence of mules, in contrast to older practices based on force or coercion. Mules are now valued and integrated into families and work, with more respectful and consistent breeding and training practices. 7. Global Situation According to the Donkey Sanctuary, the global mule population has been declining by 2% per year since 1997, with increases in sub-Saharan Africa and decreases in Eastern Europe, linked to economic development. Conclusion Mules remain an essential element of the equine industry, but their statistical monitoring is insufficient and fragmented.Breeding has remained relatively stable but is adapting to new uses and markets. Human-mule relationships are evolving towards greater respect and ethology, while maintaining the desired traditional qualities. Despite the lack of precise data, the mule is experiencing a resurgence of interest, particularly for leisure riding and saddle mule projects, with rising prices and demand. Abstract: Mule breeding in the 21st century is a continuation and legacy of mule breeding from past centuries, while also incorporating new developments. While, in substance, the breeder's profession has not changed—it still involves producing an animal that meets a demand linked to a specific region, human activity, and aesthetic criteria—a new clientele has emerged, and with it, new demands. Nevertheless, the lack of transparency in the figures makes this breeding sector difficult to grasp and clearly highlights the marginalization of mule breeding, which remains decidedly shrouded in mystery. Angèle Dequesne, PhD candidate in Sociology, CEMS/EHESS; President of Cheval&Sciences Humaines et Sociales.

A life of complicity The walk to Compostela was difficult, and the weight of my backpack was crushing my injured collarbone. "I really need a donkey to carry me!" On my way back home, I stopped in Viennay, near Parthenay, at my friend Yves's place. Yves is a leading expert on Poitou draft horses and a friend of Thierry, the current president of the National Association of Poitou Mule Breeds. "But Jean!" he exclaimed, "it's not a donkey you need, but a mule, and with a name like yours, it's obviously a Poitou mule." I had never met a mule and had no idea what my life as a mule driver would be like. "We'll see, we'll see," I said. Absorbed by my professional passion, I forgot about this offer when, two years later, in April 2000: "Your mule is born, you can come see him and decide whether you want him or not." After a few visits to the mule foal, you could say he was the one who took me. From Mustang la Richardière, he became Mario, his nickname. We grew up together, and the beginnings weren't always easy. First secluded in the communal meadows, then on an island in the Cher River with other equines, and finally in his own meadow in Mareuil with Tinclair, Mario led a life that was too independent, peaceful, lacking in training and companionship: something that proved very difficult to rectify later on. From escapades to walks in the Marais Poitevin, then along the paths of Berry, Bourbonnais, Sologne, and Touraine, we journeyed together, getting to know each other, and challenging one another. He assessed me, and I gradually corrected my mistakes by learning the unspoken rules, the non-verbal cues, his temperament... and everything else! Everything fell into place the day Eric, a Cob breeder and farrier to whom I had entrusted my mule, told me: "Your mule is well-balanced, he's extraordinary, at the trot, at the canter, even if he sometimes paces. He's good at logging and harnessing, willing, valiant, and above all, very intelligent. Jean, I'm telling you, there's only one problem... and that's you!" Self-reflection, humility, and the suppression of ego! But above all, an irresistible desire to become one with him and to learn, to learn even more. And for 20 years, it was a wonderful story of love and profound understanding. Morning and evening, grooming, ritual care, preparing the paddock, cleaning the pack saddle, etc., occupied long periods of my time, a time spent in complete harmony with him... Recently, the president of the Val2Cher inter-municipal council asked me to travel through the 33 towns with Mario the mule to introduce them to children, tourists, and locals alike. This is how the book "Au pas du mulet" (At the Mule's Pace), co-written with an illustrator and a writer, was published and given to all primary school students in the region, as well as to each municipality. Today, a few copies are available from the "Mule qui peut" (Mule Who Can) association for €15, of which €7 is donated to the Gustave Roussy Institute (IGR). My professional work has led me to work with severely disabled children, some of whom are undergoing cancer treatment. The suffering of these children and their parents deeply moved me, as it was so immense and unjust. From then on, I dedicated all my travels to actively contributing to pediatric cancer research in partnership with the IGR, under the banner of the "L'étoile de Martin" (Martin's Star) association, by raising targeted funds and speaking out about the devastating effects of cancer and the hopes for future treatments. I traveled thousands of kilometers with Mario, following a similar pattern: meeting with elementary school students in the towns we passed through, attending forums in retirement homes, discussing with hiking associations, and engaging in numerous conversations with curious passersby about our group. These many encounters were incredibly enriching, always supported by a mule constantly ready to participate in the educational exchange, especially in front of the children. He would, for example, show off his pack saddle, his port (Bouf) and starboard (Matos) saddlebags, his hooves, his tail, his large teeth, and his similar ears. His favorite thing to do was clown around, forcefully lifting my rear end with his muzzle, propelling me two meters forward while I was telling a story. This always made the children laugh. He readily accepted long sessions of petting after each presentation. Without this mule, my solidarity walks would have been in vain, and goodbye to the Jura, the Vosges, the Cantal, the Alps, and many other mountain ranges, the backroads, the towns, cities, and villages, Spain, Belgium, Germany, the forests, the coasts and rivers, the places of memory and history, the convergences of religious and civic heritage, as well as family and friendly hikes—in short, everything related to people and civilizations. Many of these journeys were thus shared with family and friends, or acquaintances, whether for a day or longer. There are numerous themed tours available: a tour of prisons in the Île-de-France region with prison staff, a visit to the Hôtel National des Invalides to meet soldiers wounded in overseas operations and those injured in the Bataclan attack, meetings with winemakers from Sancerre, Bordeaux, and Saint-Émilion, animal-assisted therapy with sick or disabled people, hikes, walks, trips, long-distance trails (GR), tours.... I could never have walked without finding meaning in my travels. This leads to hope, to overcoming suffering and accepted solitude. Inner life is strengthened and helps one transcend oneself; it is a kind (as La Boétie suggests) of voluntary servitude, but oh so rich in discovery and, above all, in the gift of meaning! Tomorrow I might set off down other paths, those of writing, to capture my reflections that have come with the passage of time, to say that Spain is a bit like Salvador Dalí, that Germany is felt through the son of Pepin the Short, that most abbeys are daughters of Cluny, that my walks are a reflection of Patrick Leigh Fermor, Marco Polo, or more simply, Montaigne, Kerouac, Ruffin, Rimbaud, Nerval, and so many others... It was at the second National Mule Conference that I met the association "Mule qui peut" (Mule That Can), dedicated to promoting this remarkable animal: the mule. Jean Poitevin in October 2025 If you too would like to support Jean's work, the book is available at Helloasso

Here we are again for a short debriefing after four days spent in Inner Mulardie—by which we mean the oldest, most traditional, and most historically rich geographical area… More great reunions, new encounters, and wonderful transitions from virtual to real-life: we love these moments! Mule Qui Peut spoke first to introduce the association, but also to introduce the small world of recreational mules, still largely unknown to the giants of the mule tradition. Throughout the discussions and presentations, we also became acquainted with the four major "traditional associations": the Poitou Mule Register, the Pyrenees Mule Register, the Federation of Alpine Mule Breeders, and the very young Massif Central Mule Association. What a pleasure to see Olivier Courthiade again, to finally meet Émile Brager, and to listen to Manu Bigarnet! In terms of organization, Éric Rousseaux did a great job—we pay him a special tribute, among connoisseurs… And what a fascinating concept these Mulet Conferences are! Long live the Conferences, and thank you, Éric, for this great success! A big hat tip also goes to CREGEN (Conservatory of Genetic Resources): efficient, kind, and caring, they offered each speaker a superb canvas bag filled with treasures—a book, a cast iron plaque, a beer, something to take notes on… so cool! And what about the Luçon-Pétré agricultural high school? Same spirit: kindness, kindness, thanks for the pretty bouquets offered to the speakers by the students of the CAP florist section, and finally, a big thank you to the cooks and the kitchen team for working all weekend for our greatest pleasure. Highlights For us, several highlights: Our presentation, first of all—not a single out-of-place word (despite how quickly I spoke 😅). Twenty-five minutes is short, but intense! And then there's the round table: we ask for more every year! The theme: the difference in training between mules and horses, expertly led by Caroline Charpentier—another wonderful discovery! A few key points: Mules are more independent than horses, and very early on. They learn faster, according to Manu Bigarnet (whom we didn't get to meet, and we regret it!) and Didier Bernard (who, for his part, is an expert in his field 😄). There's no one-size-fits-all method: every mule is different. This reinforces our toolbox approach, where we adapt to each individual. In case of refusal or conflict, the right question remains: "How am I today?" (a vast subject of study...). And after discussion with the knowledgeable audience, there was no proven difference between mules and mules: a simple matter of personal taste. Finally, the issue of weaning and methods of approach were also discussed, in a good-natured and laughter-filled atmosphere. We also had the opportunity to learn what a triptych is—by which we mean: a mare, a donkey, and a mule! That establishes the connection 😄 And throughout our stay, we saw magnificent animals and met passionate professionals, proud to perpetuate their exceptional expertise. In short, four rich, informative, and inspiring days. A big thank you to all those who work to keep the mule culture alive—from the past to the future. As with any country, Mulardie lives on in those who pass on its history; a country that knows its roots remains stable and strong.

Olivier Courthiade, “Mule School at the Méras Farm” President of the National Federation of Donkey and Mule Breeding Thanks to Olivier Couthiade for sharing this text, a testament to another era and a wonderful field experience. Methods and approaches have evolved, but these memories remain precious: they tell the story, passion, and expertise of the muleteers of yesterday, who paved the way for those of today. My equestrian career began at a very young age at the Jardin des Plantes in Toulouse on the back of a lovely Gascon donkey with the noble name, if ever there was one, and one she lived up to very well, of "Marquise." Forty-five years later, her pungent scent, the infinite kindness of her eyes, and the immense joy she aroused remain ineffable. This undoubtedly predestined me for what came next... I obviously didn't undergo the challenges of donkey riding instructor training, but "Marquise" and the kindness of her eyes captivated me forever. Moreover, fate would have it that I performed my military service in the final platoon of the 541st Military Remount/Veterinary Group of Tarbes, in the Foix-Lescun district next to the stallion depot (class 74/12). I served as a Remonte rider and a military muleteer, resulting in a fine certificate... undoubtedly the most honorable diploma I can boast! From this brief stint in the army, I learned a great deal, including a study of "in vivo" behaviors on young humans and on the genus Equus-asinus, which, let's be clear, tended to favor the latter group... The experience with the muleteer, like my encounter with Marquise, left an indelible mark on me. The sensitivity, intelligence, and beauty of these extraordinary animals immediately fascinated me, especially since the contact was not easy. Indeed, brutalized too often by inexpert, even malicious or vicious hands, constantly renewed with the arrival of young recruits, these animals inspired compassion in any man worthy of the name... Let's skip the horrors. As for the superb anecdotes, and for those interested, I recorded a few in an article entitled "The Mule: A Head," published in the monthly journal Cheval Loisirs. In short... The Mule virus was permanently infected. This is how, quite naturally, the Courserant Equine Producers' Union (09140 Seix) asked me in 1988 to lead a mule production program in the Pyrenees, subsidized by the Midi-Pyrénées Regional Council and managed by the Management of the National Stud Farm of Tarbes. Reproducing mules in Ariège was like throwing dry shavings on embers: the know-how, the taste, the passion were there. Before the war, that is to say yesterday, a thousand mules were born each year in the Ariège department! Almost exclusively sold in Spain. The "snag," and this is precisely why I was called upon, was that the Spanish were no longer buying, and it was necessary to produce a "turnkey" 3-year-old animal instead of a wild mule, to adapt to the new context, more "leisure" than "work." So it was done, and my stables welcomed ten small, shaggy Lombards in 1988. The starting gun for a 10-year-old + 2-year-old program was fired, and the Méras Farm Mule School was founded. I had the pretension of knowing a little about them, drawing on my equine and military experience... I have since learned a lot... The strength, cunning, and resilience of these young mules exasperated, discouraged, and disconcerted me as much as it captivated me. How could I make them understand, first, that I wasn't an enemy, and second, that they had to accept my rules? A real challenge. In this case, my experience training oxen (weighing over 2 tons compared to 55 kg at the time...) actually served me better than my experience training horses. It's clear that the use of force is impossible; the balance is too unequal... Caesar, a great strategist if ever there was one, also inspired me. He had a rule of using the methods of his adversaries to his advantage (whom he quickly enlisted once the confrontation was over...). So I had to learn to be more cunning, more resilient, more stubborn than the mules themselves... In other words, to establish myself as the dominant one, that is, the one elected by the dominated, recognized by them as the one they could trust because they knew. By the way, our policies could be inspired by the rules in force in animal societies... That could change the situation... In short, being elected King of the Mules is no easy feat, but it's essential if you want to be heard. This requires one major quality: justice, very close to fairness. A mule can accept the harshest reprimands when it knows it has sinned. On the other hand, a word raised above another, and even more so blows, are inevitably, one day or another, punished by acts of revenge (see the legend of The Pope's Mule). Based on these principles... How do you take action, in this case, regarding training? I deliberately skip over the phases of acclimatization, domestication, and taming, which are similar in all species and can be summed up in two principles: 1) acceptance of the tether (the dreaded fixed point), and 2) "tampering" from all sides. Let's also quickly overlook the fact that mules, like horses, are rarely raised according to the rules of the art. We generally become concerned about them when, as the saying goes, "they have to be sent away," meaning to sell them, sometimes several years after their birth. It's not until we're 20 that we learn table manners, blow our noses, and say hello... or at least it's much more difficult than when these basic but essential skills are acquired in early childhood. I have no hesitation in stating that a 3-year-old mule that's never been touched is a real primed bomb, if it wants to be... All my fellow muleteers will agree. So I come to the particularity undoubtedly linked to hybridization. I affirm that apart from the genetic formula linked to the ethnicity of the mothers (blood or draft mares, ponies, trotters or gallopers, rustic or sports, etc.) there are two main types of mules, with fundamentally different behavior: donkey mules and horse mules. The distinction is easy: the first have an angular rump, called in hippology "mule scalloped rump", the second display a round and full rump. According to one or the other conformation, the behavior is radically different: Those who "pull" from the donkey offer enormous resistance in the neck, the poll and the mouth, they are reluctant to adopt lively gaits. Those who are like the horse, work willingly at gaits on the circle, and offer their mouth much more easily. They can provide very pleasant mounts and brilliant coachbuilders without, however, "trucking up" although I have never seen mules from Hanoverian or Friesian mares... they could surprise, especially if their father is a Catalan, extremely sanguine. It goes without saying that breaking-in methods will vary greatly depending on whether you're dealing with horse mules or donkey mules. The former are perfectly suited to the methods commonly and classically practiced for horses. As for the latter, their training is greatly facilitated, in the early days, by the widespread use of the yoke throughout the Iberian Peninsula and Occitania. This yoke, known as the "Landais yoke" or ladder, consists of two ash or acacia bars (the upper and lower "shovels") pierced with three or four symmetrical mortises through which strong straps will pass, framing the collar and regulating the distance between the mules. These bars are joined by two uprights of the same wood, in the middle of which is attached a strong iron ring or shackle (the moulade) intended to peg the pole or attach the draft. Wear plates on the collar side, a recoil hook on the opposite side, and sometimes a few leather loops or hooks designed to carry forest tools (such as Sapi, axes, mauls, etc.) complete this instrument. The use of the Landais yoke is inconceivable without special tools called "Landais collars," made of large rye straw cushions reinforced with horsehair and fitted into two plane tree splint holders covered with wear plates. To hold the yoke in place, these headless collars are topped with an iron cylinder (the "hand" or "rack") into which the upper blade of the yoke is inserted, first for the stationary right-handed mule, then for the left-handed mule, which can be moved on command. This extremely clever harness has the merit of being extremely simple. It eliminates the need for bridles, reins, saddles, and swallowtails! That's all! It can only be used with donkeys and mules off flat ground, due to the rigidity of their necks (this defect becomes a strength here). Horses adapt very well to the method, provided they don't have to restrain themselves. The only difficulty lies in the particular shape of the collar. It should be noted in passing that only one master saddler, now retired and therefore elderly, possesses this expertise in the world. The National Stud Farms, regularly contacted for over five years, have not seen fit to address the subject, even though they house no fewer than two saddlery/harnessmaking schools in their stallion depots... I would like to point out that, apart from mules, admittedly few of whom work in this way, all donkeys are affected... and that beyond our national needs, a large number of developing countries could be helped by this simple animal traction technique. In terms of training, the enormous advantage of using a yoke (the same applies to cattle) is that it unites the two "learners." This considerably limits individual escapades and constitutes an important and "non-violent" form of coercion. The whip or goad are used as a "command stick," primarily to implement the vocal training to which mules are so sensitive. This is a matter of custom. The Basques goad, the Landais whip; the principle is the same and corresponds to the following law: the animal "goes to harm," that is, moves forward as soon as it is prompted by the prod. It goes without saying that the trainer must exercise great tact to avoid upsetting the students. Once this lesson is learned (it is fundamental since it determines the impulse), the sight of the whip toward the chest is enough to induce forward movement, accompanied, of course, by the vocal command. To achieve haunch movement (to press against or, on the contrary, move away from the pole or to straddle the line, for example), simply use the whip inside or outside. Here again, learning is extremely quick, thanks to the yoke. Moving backward is more difficult to achieve; it should never be required during the first lessons. It is achieved by engaging the ears, a sacred area, which is particularly sensitive in mules. This operation must be performed with great skill, in the utmost calm, and with little at first, just a single step. A game of attraction and repulsion quickly sets in, familiar to every muleteer and drover in the world: these are the famous notions of "bubbles" or "auras" developed by our modern ethologists. Once the animal is accustomed to the yoke, it becomes much easier to integrate it into traditional breaking-in if saddle reins or pack saddles are used, because "the dominant one is in place," partly thanks to the yoke. I've talked a lot about tact, skill, and tenacity... This is where the limiting factor in using mules lies. The current mood is not one of rigor, learning, humility, or difficulty... We now want to learn everything in lessons, without paying anything (except for the manual, and even then...) and especially without paying personally. This is incompatible with the use of sophisticated, intelligent, and sensitive animals. The "animal sense" (a clever blend of observational skills, tact, sensitivity, thoughtfulness, divination, accuracy, and many other qualities, including instinct and authority) are essential if one wants to live in harmony with mules. In my opinion, these qualities are innate. Various training courses and courses can only develop this kind of gift, but in no way create it. That's the Creator's business! As for the mule's uses, they are strictly the same as those of the horse. It's no surprise that a mule from a galloping mare gallops, a mule from a trotting broodmare trots, a mule from the womb of a draft mare pulls, etc. Only prejudices, customs, or routines hinder its use (apart from the qualities necessary for the muleteer, see previous paragraph). The mule has no Not popular in France. It's said, without knowing anything about it, of course, that it's small, shaggy, stubborn, mean, and a good mountain porter. In Spain, although treated roughly, it's much more highly regarded, and some ganaderos don't hesitate to use it as a mount. In the USA, a new and nonconformist country, grateful to the one who allowed it to conquer the West, the mule is held in high regard, and "great masses" are dedicated to it. Regardless of the country where it's bred, this brilliant hybrid, whatever anyone says, lives much longer, eats much less, and is far less fragile than the horse. So we must face the facts: the mule represents the pinnacle of Horse Civilization! Since its creation in 1988, more than a hundred mules, mainly from the Pyrenees, but also from Andalusia, Seynard, Savoy, and Poitou, have studied there... Roughly speaking, their destination is divided into: 30% viticulture 30% forestry-agriculture 20% long-distance travel (wagon, pack-saddle, mount) 20% various leisure activities, shows, and events